英文参考文献格式举例

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英文参考文献格式举例

　　文献，汉语词语，拼音是wén xiàn，意思为有历史意义或研究价值的图书、期刊、典章。以下是小编精心整理的英文参考文献格式举例，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。

　　【一】陕西师范大学外国语学院英语系

　　英语教育专业本科生学士学位论文参考文献书写格式

　　APA Formatting and Style Guide[ This guide is adapted and abridged from the “APA Formatting and Style Guide” written by David Neyhart and Erin Karper,

　　and last revised by Jodi Wagner,

　　which is on

　　APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This guide,

　　compiled according to the 5th edition of the APA Publication Manual[ The fifth edition of the APA Publication Manual provides expanded coverage of technological advances in publishing,

　　as well as the most up-to-date information on APA style guidelines and more in-depth coverage of case studies,

　　tables,

　　and lots more. Visit

　　offers examples for the general format of APA research papers,

　　in-text citations,

　　endnotes/footnotes,

　　and the reference page.

　　For more information about formatting an APA style paper,

　　consult the publication manual,

　　visit APA Style Essentials,

　　or view a Sample APA Report or an APA Simulated Journal Article. Annotated bibliography writers might want to visit APA Format for Annotated Bibliographies. (Additional formatting resources,

　　including Microsoft Word templates,

　　are available in our Additional Resources section.)

　　1.In-Text Citations: The Basics

　　Reference citations in text are covered on pages 207-214 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.

　　Note: APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to describe earlier research. E.g.,

　　Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found...

　　1.1.APA Citation Basics

　　When using APA format,

　　follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text,

　　E.g.,(Jones,1998),

　　and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

　　If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material,

　　or making reference to an entire book,

　　article or other work,

　　you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference.

　　1.2.In-Text Citation Capitalization,

　　Quotes,

　　and Italics/Underlining

　　Always capitalize proper nouns,

　　including author names and initials: D. Jones.

　　If you refer to the title of a source within your paper,

　　capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs,

　　nouns,

　　pronouns,

　　adjectives,

　　and adverbs: Writing New Media,

　　There Is Nothing Left to Lose. (Note that in your References list,

　　only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.)

　　When capitalizing titles,

　　capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs.

　　Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: “Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock’s Vertigo.”

　　Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books,

　　edited collections,

　　movies,

　　television series,

　　documentaries,

　　or albums: The Closing of the American Mind;

　　The Wizard of Oz;

　　Friends.

　　Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles,

　　articles from edited collections,

　　television series episodes,

　　and song titles: “Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds”;

　　“The One Where Chandler Can’t Cry.”

　　1.3.Short Quotations

　　If you are directly quoting from a work,

　　you will need to include the author,

　　year of publication,

　　and the page number for the reference (preceded by “p.”). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author’s last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

　　According to Jones (1998),

　　“Students often had difficulty using APA style,

　　especially when it was their first time” (p. 199).

　　Jones (1998) found “students often had difficulty using APA style” (p. 199);

　　what implications does this have for teachers?

　　If the author is not named in a signal phrase,

　　place the author’s last name,

　　the year of publication,

　　and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

　　She stated,

　　“Students often had difficulty using APA style,” (Jones,

　　1998,

　　p. 199),

　　but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

　　1.4.Long Quotations

　　Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines,

　　and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line,

　　indented five spaces from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin,

　　and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after closing punctuation mark.

　　Jones’s (1998) study found the following:

　　Students often had difficulty using APA style,

　　especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

　　1.5.Summary or Paraphrase

　　If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work,

　　you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference,

　　but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required.)

　　According to Jones (1998),

　　APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.

　　APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones,

　　1998,

　　p. 199).

　　2.Reference List

　　2.1.Author/Authors

　　The following rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors apply to all APA-style references in your reference list,

　　regardless of the type of work (book,

　　article,

　　electronic resource,

　　etc.)

　　2.1.1.Single Author

　　Last name first,

　　followed by author initials.

　　Berndt,

　　T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science,

　　11,

　　7-10.

　　2.1.2.Two Authors

　　List by their last names and initials. Use the “&” instead of “and.”

　　Wegener,

　　D. T.,

　　& Petty,

　　R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,

　　66,

　　1034-1048.

　　2.1.3.Three to Six Authors

　　List by last names and initials;

　　commas separate author names,

　　while the last author name is preceded again by “&”

　　Kernis,

　　M. H.,

　　Cornell,

　　D. P.,

　　Sun,

　　C. R.,

　　Berry,

　　A.,

　　& Harlow,

　　T. (1993). There’s more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,

　　65,

　　1190-1204.

　　2.1.4.More Than Six Authors

　　If there are more than six authors,

　　list the first six as above and then “et al.,” which stands for “and others.” Remember not to place a period after “et” in “et al.”

　　Harris,

　　M.,

　　Karper,

　　E.,

　　Stacks,

　　G.,

　　Hoffman,

　　D.,

　　DeNiro,

　　R.,

　　Cruz,

　　P.,

　　et al. (2001). Writing labs and the Hollywood connection. Journal of Film and Writing,

　　44(3),

　　213-245.

　　2.1.5.Organization as Author

　　American Psychological Association. (2003).

　　2.1.6.Unknown Author

　　Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993). Springfield,

　　MA: Merriam-Webster.

　　NOTE: When your essay includes parenthetical citations of sources with no author named,

　　use a shortened version of the source’s title instead of an author’s name. Use quotation marks and italics as appropriate. For example,

　　parenthetical citations of the two sources above would appear as follows: (Merriam-Webster’s,

　　1993) and (“New Drug,

　　” 1993).

　　2.1.7.Two or More Works by the Same Author

　　Use the author’s name for all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest comes first).

　　Berndt,

　　T.J. (1981).

　　Berndt,

　　T.J. (1999).

　　When an author appears both as a sole author and,

　　in another citation,

　　as the first author of a group,

　　list the one-author entries first.

　　Berndt,

　　T. J. (1999). Friends’ influence on students’ adjustment to school. Educational Psychologist,

　　34,

　　15-28.

　　Berndt,

　　T. J.,

　　& Keefe,

　　K. (1995). Friends’ influence on adolescents’ adjustment to school. Child Development,

　　66,

　　1312-1329.

　　References that have the same first author and different second and/or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the second author,

　　or the last name of the third if the first and second authors are the same.

　　Wegener,

　　D. T.,

　　Kerr,

　　N. L.,

　　Fleming,

　　M. A.,

　　& Petty,

　　R. E. (2000). Flexible corrections of juror judgments: Implications for jury instructions. Psychology,

　　Public Policy,

　　& Law,

　　629-654.

　　Wegener,

　　D. T.,

　　Petty,

　　R. E.,

　　& Klein,

　　D. J. (1994). Effects of mood on high elaboration attitude change: The mediating role of likelihood judgments. European Journal of Social Psychology,

　　24,

　　25-43.

　　2.1.8.Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year

　　If you are using more than one reference by the same author (or the same group of authors listed in the same order) published in the same year,

　　organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter. Then assign letter suffixes to the year. Refer to these sources in your essay as they appear in your reference list,

　　e.g.: “Berdnt (1981a) makes similar claims...”

　　Berndt,

　　T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology,

　　17,

　　408-416.

　　Berndt,

　　T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child Development,

　　52,

　　636-643.

　　2.2.Articles in Periodicals

　　2.2.1.Basic Form

　　APA style dicates that authors are named last name followed by initials;

　　publication year goes between parentheses,

　　followed by a period. The title of the article is in sentence-case,

　　meaning only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case,

　　and is followed by the volume number which,

　　with the title,

　　is also italicized or underlined.

　　Author,

　　A. A.,

　　Author,

　　B. B.,

　　& Author,

　　C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical,

　　volume number(issue number),

　　pages.

　　2.2.2.Article in Journal Paginated by Volume

　　Journals that are paginated by volume begin with page one in issue one,

　　and continue numbering issue two where issue one ended,

　　etc.

　　Harlow,

　　H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology,

　　55,

　　893-896.

　　2.2.3.Article in Journal Paginated by Issue

　　Journals paginated by issue begin with page one every issue;

　　therefore,

　　the issue number gets indicated in parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and issue number are not italicized or underlined.

　　Scruton,

　　R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion,

　　15(30),

　　5-13.

　　2.2.4.Article in a Magazine

　　Henry,

　　W. A.,

　　III. (1990,

　　April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time,

　　135,

　　28-31.

　　2.2.5.Article in a Newspaper

　　Unlike other periodicals,

　　p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style. Single pages take p.,

　　e.g.,

　　p. B2;

　　multiple pages take pp.,

　　e.g.,

　　pp. B2,

　　B4 or pp. C1,

　　C3-C4.

　　Schultz,

　　S. (2005,

　　December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today,

　　pp. 1A,

　　2A.

　　2.2.6.Letter to the Editor

　　Moller,

　　G. (2002,

　　August). Ripples versus rumbles [Letter to the editor]. Scientific American,

　　287(2),

　　12.

　　2.2.7.Review

　　Baumeister,

　　R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero under control]. Contemporary Psychology,

　　38,

　　466-467.

　　2.3.Books

　　2.3.1.Basic Format for Books

　　Author,

　　A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.

　　NOTE: For “Location,

　　” you should always list the city,

　　but you should also include the state if the city is unfamiliar or if the city could be confused with one in another state.

　　Calfee,

　　R. C.,

　　& Valencia,

　　R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington,

　　DC: American Psychological Association.

　　2.3.2.Edited Book,

　　No Author

　　Duncan,

　　G.J.,

　　& Brooks-Gunn,

　　J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

　　2.3.3.Edited Book with an Author or Authors

　　Plath,

　　S. (2000). The unabridged journals (K.V. Kukil,

　　Ed.). New York: Anchor.

　　2.3.4.A Translation

　　Laplace,

　　P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory,

　　Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814).

　　NOTE: When you cite a republished work,

　　like the one above,

　　work in your text,

　　it should appear with both dates: Laplace (1814/1951).

　　2.3.5.Edition Other Than the First

　　Helfer,

　　M.E.,

　　Keme,

　　R.S.,

　　& Drugman,

　　R.D. (1997). The battered child (5th ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

　　2.3.6.Article or Chapter in an Edited Book

　　Author,

　　A. A.,

　　& Author,

　　B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.),

　　Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher.

　　NOTE: When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title,

　　use “pp.” before the numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation,

　　however,

　　does not appear before the page numbers in periodical references,

　　except for newspapers.

　　O’Neil,

　　J. M.,

　　& Egan,

　　J. (1992). Men’s and women’s gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing,

　　transition,

　　and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.),

　　Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York: Springer.

　　2.3.7.Multivolume Work

　　Wiener,

　　P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of the history of ideas (Vols. 1-4). New York: Scribner’s.

　　2.4.Other Print Sources

　　2.4.1.An Entry in An Encyclopedia

　　Bergmann,

　　P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26,

　　pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

　　2.4.2.Work Discussed in a Secondary Source

　　List the source the work was discussed in:

　　Coltheart,

　　M.,

　　Curtis,

　　B.,

　　Atkins,

　　P.,

　　& Haller,

　　M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review,

　　100,

　　589-608.

　　NOTE: Give the secondary source in the references list;

　　in the text,

　　name the original work,

　　and give a citation for the secondary source. For example,

　　if Seidenberg and McClelland’s work is cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not read the original work,

　　list the Coltheart et al. reference in the References. In the text,

　　use the following citation:

　　In Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart,

　　Curtis,

　　Atkins,

　　& Haller,

　　1993),

　　...

　　2.4.3.Dissertation Abstract

　　Yoshida,

　　Y. (2001). Essays in urban transportation (Doctoral dissertation,

　　Boston College,

　　2001). Dissertation Abstracts International,

　　62,

　　7741A.

　　2.4.4.Government Document

　　National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington,

　　DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

　　2.4.5.Report From a Private Organization

　　American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with eating disorders (2nd ed.). Washington,

　　D.C.: Author.

　　2.4.6.Conference Proceedings

　　Schnase,

　　J.L.,

　　& Cunnius,

　　E.L. (Eds.). (1995). Proceedings from CSCL ‘95: The First International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning. Mahwah,

　　NJ: Erlbaum.

　　2.5.Electronic Sources

　　2.5.1.Article From an Online Periodical

　　Online articles follow the same guidelines for printed articles. Include all information the online host makes available,

　　including an issue number in parantheses.

　　Author,

　　A. A.,

　　& Author,

　　B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of online periodical,

　　volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved month day,

　　year,

　　Bernstein,

　　M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites,

　　149. Retrieved May 2,

　　2006

　　2.5.2.Online Scholarly Journal Article

　　Author,

　　A. A.,

　　& Author,

　　B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of journal,

　　volume number. Retrieved month day,

　　year,

　　Kenneth,

　　I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics,

　　8. Retrieved February 20,

　　2001,

　　If the article appears as a printed version as well,

　　the URL is not required. Use “Electronic version” in brackets after the article’s title.

　　Whitmeyer,

　　J.M. (2000). Power through appointment [Electronic version]. Social Science Research,

　　29,

　　535-555.

　　2.5.3.Article From a Database

　　When referencing material obtained from an online database (such as a database in the library),

　　provide appropriate print citation information (formatted just like a “normal” print citation would be for that type of work). Then add information that gives the date of retrieval and the proper name of the database.

　　This will allow people to retrieve the print version if they do not have access to the database from which you retrieved the article. You can also include the item number or accession number in parentheses at the end,

　　but the APA manual says that this is not required. (For more about citing articles retrieved from electronic databases,

　　see page 278 of the Publication Manual.)

　　Smyth,

　　A. M.,

　　Parker,

　　A. L.,

　　& Pease,

　　D. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. Journal of Abnormal Eating,

　　8(3). Retrieved February 20,

　　2003,

　　from PsycARTICLES database.

　　2.5.4.Nonperiodical Web Document,

　　Web Page,

　　or Report

　　List as much of the following information as possible (you sometimes have to hunt around to find the information;

　　don’t be lazy. If there is a page like ,

　　and somepage.htm doesn’t have the information you’re looking for,

　　move up the URL to):

　　Author,

　　A. A.,

　　& Author,

　　B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document. Retrieved month date,

　　year,

　　NOTE: When an Internet document is more than one Web page,

　　provide a URL that links to the home page or entry page for the document. Also,

　　if there isn’t a date available for the document use (n.d.) for no date.

　　2.5.5.Chapter or Section of a Web document

　　Author,

　　A. A.,

　　& Author,

　　B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In Title of book or larger document (chapter or section number). Retrieved month day,

　　year 　　Engelshcall,

　　R. S. (1997). Module mod_rewrite: URL Rewriting Engine. In Apache HTTP Server Version 1.3 Documentation (Apache modules.) Retrieved March 10,

　　2006

　　NOTE: Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a URL that links directly to the chapter section,

　　not the home page of the Web site.

　　2.5.6.E-mail

　　E-mails are not included in the list of references,

　　though you parenthetically cite them in your main text: (E. Robbins,

　　personal communication,

　　January 4,

　　2001).

　　2.5.7.Online Forum or Discussion Board Posting

　　Message posted to an online newsgroup,

　　forum,

　　or discussion group. Include the title of the messsage,

　　and the URL of the newsgroup or discussion board.

　　Frook,

　　B. D. (1999,

　　July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia [Msg 25]. Message posted to http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html

　　NOTE: If only the screen name is available for the author,

　　then use the screen name;

　　however,

　　if the author provides a real name,

　　use their real name instead. Be sure to provide the exact date of the posting. Follow the date with the subject line,

　　the thread of the message (not in italics). Provide any identifiers in brackets after the title,

　　as in other types of references.

　　2.5.8.Computer Software

　　Ludwig,

　　T. (2002). PsychInquiry [computer software]. New York: Worth.

　　For more help with citing electronic sources,

　　see the APA style web site’s coverage of electronic references or Frequently Asked Questions about APA Style from the APA web site,

　　or refer to the additional resources section.

　　2.6.Other Non-Print Sources

　　2.6.1.Interviews,

　　Email,

　　and Other Personal Communication

　　No personal communication is included in your reference list;

　　instead,

　　parenthetically cite the communicators name,

　　the fact that it was personal communication,

　　and the date of the communication in your main text only.

　　(E. Robbins,

　　personal communication,

　　January 4,

　　2001).

　　A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication,

　　November 3,

　　2002).

　　2.6.2.Motion Picture

　　Basic reference list format:

　　Producer,

　　P. P. (Producer),

　　& Director,

　　D.D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio or distributor.

　　NOTE: If a movie or video tape is not available in wide distribution,

　　add the following to your citation after the country of origin: (Available from Distributor name,

　　full address and zip code).

　　2.6.3.A Motion Picture or Video Tape with International or National Availability

　　Smith,

　　J.D. (Producer),

　　& Smithee,

　　A.F. (Director). (2001). Really big disaster movie [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.

　　2.6.4.A Motion Picture or Video Tape with Limited Availability

　　Harris,

　　M. (Producer),

　　& Turley,

　　M. J. (Director). (2002). Writing labs: A history [Motion picture]. (Available from Purdue University Pictures,

　　500 Oval Drive,

　　West Lafayette,

　　IN 47907)

　　2.6.5.Television Broadcast or Series Episode

　　Producer,

　　P. P. (Producer). (Date of broadcast or copyright). Title of broadcast [Television broadcast or Television series]. City of origin: Studio or distributor.

　　2.6.6.Single Episode of a Television Series

　　Writer,

　　W. W. (Writer),

　　& Director,

　　D.D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of episode [Television series episode]. In P. Producer (Producer),

　　Series title. City of origin: Studio or distributor.

　　Wendy,

　　S. W. (Writer),

　　& Martian,

　　I.R. (Director). (1986). The rising angel and the falling ape [Television series episode]. In D. Dude (Producer),

　　Creatures and monsters. Los Angeles: Belarus Studios.

　　2.6.7.Television Broadcast

　　Important,

　　I. M. (Producer). (1990,

　　November 1). The nightly news hour [Television broadcast]. New York: Central Broadcasting Service.

　　2.6.8.A Television Series

　　Bellisario,

　　D.L. (Producer). (1992). Exciting action show [Television series]. Hollywood: American Broadcasting Company.

　　2.6.9.Music Recording

　　Songwriter,

　　W. W. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different from song writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date).

　　Taupin,

　　B. (1975). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by Elton John]. On Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy [CD]. London: Big Pig Music Limited.

　　For more about citing audiovisual media,

　　see pages 266-269 of the Publication Manual.

　　For information about citing legal sources in your reference list,

　　see the Westfield State College page on Citing Legal Materials in APA Style.

　　【二】参考文献规范格式

　　一、参考文献的类型

　　参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：

　　M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章

　　J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告

　　对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。

　　对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：

　　①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.;

　　②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。

　　二、参考文献的格式及举例

　　1.期刊类

　　【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号(期号)：起止页码.

　　【举例】

　　[1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58.

　　[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.

　　[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67.

　　2.专著类

　　【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.

　　【举例】[4] 葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42.

　　[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.

　　3.报纸类

　　【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期(版次).

　　【举例】

　　[6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).

　　[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).

　　4.论文集

　　【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.

　　【举例】

　　[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17.

　　[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.

　　[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.

　　5.学位论文

　　【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码.

　　【举例】

　　[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983：1-7.

　　6.研究报告

　　【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.

　　【举例】

　　[12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997：9-10.

　　7.条例

　　【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期

　　【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—05

　　8.译著